Lab Report: Diffusion and Osmosis

Lab Report Diffusion and Osmosis venture and PredictionThis lab was done to examine and comprehend how diffusion and osmosis kit and caboodle in diverse grand of saccharose. Also how the origins permeates by distinguishable mediums.Methods start A Diffusion and OsmosisA 30 cm piece of 2.5 cm dialysis that has been soaked in pissing was obtained. The beginning of tubing was furthertoned off, plaster bandageing a bag with an open end that was rubbed amongst the fingers till separated. 15mL of the 15% glucose and 1% starch solution was placed into the bag and the ending of the dialysis bag was tied off, leaving some space for the development of the content within the dialysis bag. The pretense of the solution was put down and was tested for the presence of glucose. Distilled water was poured into a 250 mL beaker (two-thirds of a cup) with ab break 4mL of Lugols solution (IKI). The color of the sucrose in the beaker was recorded and was tested for glucose. The dialysis bag was thence submerged into the beaker of solution and left to bear for about 30 minutes (or until there was a color transmit in the dialysis bag or beaker).Once the bag was done soaking in the beaker, the final color of the solution in the bag and the beaker was recorded. The liquid in the bag and the beaker was then tested for the existence of glucose. break away B Osmosis vi strips of 30 cm presoaked dialysis tubing were obtained. For separately strip, an end was tied and almost 25 mL of different solutions (distilled water, 0.2 M sucrose, 0.4 M sucrose, 0.6 M sucrose, 0.8 M sucrose and 1.0 M sucrose) was poured into their single(a) bags. Most of the re maining strip was then removed from separately bag by bringing the bag between two fingers and tied off at the opened end. The outside of all(prenominal)(prenominal) bag was then bathed to wash away each sucrose that spilled when modify the bag. The exterior of each bag was then blotted and the initial slew of each bag w as weighed and recorded. Distilled water was then fill up into six 250 mL beakers. distributively bag was then emerged into one of the six filled beaker and the beakers were labeled by which bag of solution was emerged in it. The bags stood in the beaker for half an hour. When the time was up, each bag was removed, blotted and the hatful of each bag was recorded. The circle difference was compute and then using the equation percent channelise in crowd = Final plenty Initial Mass/Initial Mass x 100.The individual and the class average of the percent stir in visual modality were then graphical recorded.Part C water system Potential100 mL of the habituated solution was poured into six different labeled 250 mL beaker. The tater was then sl ice-skating rinkd into discs that were just about 3 cm thick. A cork borer (about 5 mm in diameter) was then utilise to cut four potato cylinders for each beaker, a center of 24 potato cores. Until the commode of cores were weighed b y fours and recorded, the potato cores were kept in a covered beaker. Four cores were then put into each beaker of sucrose solution. flexible wrap was then given to cover the beakers, preventing evaporation when left to stay overnight. The adjoining day, the cores were then removed from the beakers and were blotted gently on a paper towel. Their total throng was then determined and recorded. The circumstances difference was calculate and then using the equationPercent change in mass = Final Mass Initial Mass/Initial Mass x 100.The individual and the class average of the percent change in mass were then graphed.Part D Calculation of urine Potential from observational DataDetermine the solute, pressure and water electric potential difference of the sucrose solution given and answer the questions about the possibility if zucchini cores were physical exercised with the sucrose solutions.ResultsPart A Diffusion and Osmosis put off 1.1- posture of Glucose in Water through a D ialysis claspInitial t fit of contents resolve ColorPresence of GlucoseInitialFinalInitialFinalBAG15% GLUCOSE and 1% STARCH wakefulClearYesYesBEAKERH20 + IKIYellow(an olive oil color)ClearNoYesPart B OsmosisTable 1.2 Individual Data of convert in Mass of Six Different Dialysis BagsContents in Dialysis BagInitial MassFinal MassMass expirationPercent kind in Massa) distilled water18.15 g14.76 g3.39 g-18.68%b) 0.2 M19.40 g17.33 g2.07 g-10.67%c) 0.4 M18.87 g19.37 g-0.5 g2.65%d) 0.6 M19.83 g19.68 g-0.15 g-0.5%e) 0.8 M21.91 g20.05 g-0.869 g-8.2%f) 1.0 M18.78 g18.07 g-0.71 g-3.7%Table 1.3 Class Data of Percent Change in Mass of Dialysis Bags base 1 meeting 2 chemical comp any(prenominal) 3Group 4Group 5Group 6Group 7Group 8TotalClass AverageDistilled Water-18.68%-2.2%-7.0%-7.2%-35.1-8.8%0.2 M-10.67%-22.3%-5.2%1.8%-36.4%-9.1%0.4 M2.65%6.2%2.5%3.9%15.3%3.8%0.6 M-0.76%-3.8%-4.0%-6.55%-15.2%-3.8%0.8 M-4.1%-26.3%-1.6%-3.78%-35.95%-8.95%1.0 M-3.78%-3.27%-8.7%-29.4%-45.2%-11.3%Group 2, 4, 6 and 8 do non take a shit any selective information for distilled water, 0.2M saccharose, and 0.4M sucrose and group 1, 3, 4 and 7 do non have any data for 0.6M Sucrose, 0.8M Sucrose and 1.0M Sucrose because of the lack of time. So, group 1 and 2 were paired up, 3 and 4, 5 and 6, and 7 and 8 to exchange data.Part C Water PotentialTable 1.4 Individual Data of Change in Mass of Potato Cores in Six Different Sucrose SolutionContents in BeakerInitial MassFinal MassMass DifferencePercent Change in MassClass Average % Change in Massa) Distilled Water2.39g2.95g0.56g23.4%23.3%b) 0.2M Sucrose2.41g2.69g0.28g11.6%8.4%c) 0.4M Sucrose2.47g2.38g-0.09g-3.6%-3.7%d) 0.6M Sucrose2.33g1.98g-0.35g-15.0%-13.5%e) 0.8M Sucrose2.46g2.05g-0.41g-16.7%-19.9%f) 1.0M Sucrose2.49g1.95g-0.54g-21.7%-20.8%Table 1.5 Class Data of Percent Change in Mass of Potato Cores in Six Different Sucrose SolutionGroup 1Group 2Group 3Group 4Group 5Group 6Group 7Group 8TotalClassAverageDistilledWater23.4%18.9%23.2%27.5%93%23.3 %0.2M11.6%6.8%5.0%10.1%33.5%8.4%0.4M-3.6%-3.7%-7.0%-0.4%-14.7%-3.7%0.6M-15.02%-13.5%-11.16%-14.3%-54%-13.5%0.8M-16.67%-22.5%-20.33%-20.2%-79.7%-19.9%1.0M-21.69%-24.3%-24.39%-12.9%-83.3%-20.8%Group 2, 4, 6 and 8 do non have any data for distilled water, 0.2M Sucrose, and 0.4M Sucrose and group 1, 3, 4 and 7 do non have any data for 0.6M Sucrose, 0.8M Sucrose and 1.0M Sucrose because of the lack of time. So, group 1 and 2 were paired up, 3 and 4, 5 and 6, and 7 and 8 to exchange data.Part D Calculation of Water Potential from observational DataAnalysisPart A Diffusion and OsmosisFrom table 1.1 in this part of the lab, it is seen that IKI is turn tailing into the bag and glucose is flowing out of the bag. That is because of diffusion and osmosis. cognise of this process is cod to the color transformation of the bag, therefore launching that IKI has penetrated the bag. By testing the beaker for the existence of glucose, it was found that the glucose permeated through the dialysis bag, mixing with the IKI and H2O in the beaker. This is possible because as stated osmosis is a branched off form of diffusion, in which it is the diffusion of water through a selectively semipermeable membrane and glucose is one of the substance that is able to go through. IKI along with glucose is fine enough to enter and exit the dialysis bag.Part B OsmosisBoth the individual and class data of percent change in mass is shown in graph 1.1. To receive the percent change in mass, the initial mass was subtracted from the final mass. The difference is then divided by the initial mass and 100 is then multiplied to the quotient. The product is then the percent change in mass. Osmosis is present imputable to the change in mass of the dialysis bag. The mass is different for each bag because of the sucrose in the bags different millity. That establishes the heart and soul of water that progresses in and out of the bag, which then changes the mass.Part C Water PotentialFrom testing the potato cores in different sucrose solution, graph 1.2 illustrates that on the best fit line, the submarine submerging of sucrose, the sucrose molarity that shows the mass of the potato cores does not change, is 0.4M. So the lower the concentration of the molar concentration of sucrose, the percentage of the potato cores mass growths and anything with a higher concentration of the molar concentration of sucrose the percentage in the potato cores mass decreases. This is all because molecules of any sucrose with a higher concentration of 0.4M atomic number 18 too great to enter or exit into the potato cores.Part D Calculation of Water Potential from Experimental DataIt is given that the solute potential of the sucrose solution is calculated by using s= iCRT. s is the solute potential, the variable i represents the ionization constant, variable C signifies the molar concentration, variable R standing for the pressure constant (R= 0.0831 liter debar/mole oK), T is the temperature o K (273+ oC of solution). Since it is the solute potential of sucrose that must be found, i is 1.0, payable to the fact that sucrose does not ionize in water. From the breeding of i, C is determined to be 1.0 mole/liter. So the problem that has 1.0M sugar solution at 22 oC under atmospherical conditions would be answered like thisSince the formula is s= iCRT, then when filling in for the variables the equation is nows= -(1)(1.0mole/liter)(0.0831 liter bar/ mole oK) (273+22) s =-24.51 forbidThe water potential offer then be pass judgment out by the formula = p + s. By being able to solve for the solute potential, the product would then be used to solve for the water potential. And from the knowledge of knowing that the water pressure, p, is equal to zero the formula filled out would turn out as=0 + (-24.51 bars) = -24.51 barsFrom the graph of the percent change in mass of zucchini cores in different sucrose solution at 27 oC after 24 hours it lav be concluded that the molar concentration of solute within the zucchini electric cell is 0.35 moles. From knowing the molar concentration of solute within the zucchini cell, the solute and water potential basin be answered.Solute Potential= -1(0.35moles/liter)(0.0831 liter bar/mole oK)(273 +27) = -8.73 barsWater Potential= 0 + (-8.73) = -8.73 barsThis is an important piece of information because by knowing the water potential, it is possible to predict the direction of the flow of water. Water flows from an ambit of a higher water potential to and bea of lower water potential so if the information of the water potential of the solution in the beaker which the zucchinis were soaked was given, the information of where the water flows would be known. decisionThis lab was to understand how diffusion and osmosis worked. The data that was received was tenacious at some times. For part A and D of the lab, the allows and calculations were consistent, but part B and C showed little consistency. That is because p art B and C when conduct the percent change in mass with separates, the numbers varied. The difference of the mass was changed, for it per go on misleading, into percentage, there eliminating any size figure and to compargon the results. Though when comparing the percents with one another, some of the difference was too great to receive any spotless data. Some possibilities that may have altered the outcome of the results take the ends of the dialysis bags not being tied correctly, the inaccuracy of gushing the solutions, not a original cleaning of the outside of the dialysis bag and incorrect calculation and measurements. This lab stub be modified to get a more consistent data by wearing gloves when working with the solutions, so when one is done pouring and tying the dialysis bag, gloves prat be removed to reduce any chance of the solution being on the outside of the bag. A more accurate and precise measurement of the solution and the tightness and method of tying the ends of the bags push aside be arranged to be the same. With those alterations to the lab, the chance of a more consistent data is higher.Should humankindkind Be Blamed For Global Warming?Should Humans Be Blamed For Global Warming?Global warmnessing plant is the next big impact that give bring about a change in the weather patterns. By definition, Global Warming is the increase in average temperature that gradually warms the Earths glory. It is a phenomenon, which has been on the rise but in the last century, the increase in the levels have been alarming (George Christodoulou, 2006).Global melting has caused a lot of changes to the surroundings in a negative manner. According to the study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is observed that the increase in spheric average temperature has been caused due to an increase in nursery screw up concentrations (Slashman, 2007). Global heating plant can have many causes, but it is most commonly associated with human interference, specifically the release of excessive add ups of common debarkhouse blowes (EPA, 2006).It is either caused by reality or natural causes. Global warm is no more a myth but a riotous approaching reality, which in the long-term leave behind bring the much fe atomic number 18d ice age that depart wipe out all living organisms on Earth. The latest IPCC subject field states widespread mass losses from glaciers and reductions in blow cover over recent decades ar projected to accelerate end-to-end the 21st century, reducing water availability, hydropower potential, and changing seasonality of flows in regions supplied by unravel water from major mountain ranges (e.g. Hindu-Kush, Himalaya, Andes), where more than one-sixth of the world tribe lively lives (Geneva, 2010). Global warming has caused a major increase of heat towards the earths melody and it is still affecting us till today due to numerous human activities.Although some mass think that planetary warming happens due to natural factors, it is scientifically proven that adult male are amenable for global warming. The purpose of this paper is to point out the ir liable people causing global warming and not to blame the natural factor for global.There are many scientific and logical factors of global warming that are caused by human activities. The main factor is due to the depletion of ozone floor of the atmosphere which happens in the stratosphere which is 30 miles above the earth. What is the function of the ozone storey? The ozone shape protects the earth from radiating ultraviolet (UV) rays. The ozone is made up from oxygen molecules named triatomic oxygen. The ozone molecules or the triatomic oxygen get out absorb the UV rays. Eventually the triatomic oxygen go out split into diatomic oxygen and a monoxide. This process is repeated as the monoxide fluxs with diatomic oxygen to name ozone molecules back and protects. Thus, this helps to protect UV rays fr om incoming the earths atmosphere. The UV rays will heat up the earth as it penetrates through directly without the shield of ozone storey. Every time 1% of the ozone layer is depleted, 2% more UV-B is able to reach the surface of the planet (Miller, G. Tyler Jr., 1987). The thinning of ozone layer happens due to human activities on the earths surface by importunate and evacuant accidental injuryful gases. As the ozone layer becomes thinner the UV rays will be trapped at heart the earths atmosphere, therefore our earth becomes hotter. The shine of UV rays may cause skin cancer. In extension, it withal dries up the earth and causes drought. further it is because of the release of chlorofluorocentury (chlorofluoro one C) gases the ozone layer depletes. Human being use air conditioners to make the hot environment cooler, but what they dont seem to realize is that they are making the atmosphere even hotter. Air conditioners releases CFC gas when it is saturnine on. Besides that, refrigerators also release CFC gases when the doors are opened. The CFC gas will react with the ozone layer. The triatomic oxygen will be split and the atomic number 17 atom from CFC will combine with the diatomic oxygen gas. This will produce chlorine monoxide. Referring to the record above, there will be no chance of the oxygen to recombine to form ozone molecules. As a result a hole is created in the ozone layer. Slowly they start infiltrating into the upper layers of the atmosphere and soon reach the ozone rich stratosphere, where they undergo major chemical changes (H. Khemani, 2010). The CFC gas will soon disintegrate and the chlorine atom will react with the ozone molecule and changes to oxygen molecule. As soon as the ozone layer changes to oxygen molecule the ozone layer will be depleted. The most shocking fact about CFCs is that they have exceptionally long atmospheric keep which, in certain cases, even extends to 100 geezerhood. This means that if CFC refrigerants are leaked in the atmosphere, they will keep depleting the ozone layer for the next 100 years to come (H. Khemani, 2010). There are other materials used by humans that release CFC gas such as chemical sprays and the burning of Styrofoam materials.Furthermore, the increase of cytosine dioxide level leads to climatic changes. Humans are the main people to launch green house gasses to the environment. They emit them in a variety of ship canal. The combustion of fossil can by human activities releases green house gases which is carbon copy dioxide and others. When there is an increase in the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air, the amount of heat captured by the carbon dioxide also increases (Bidisha Mukherjee, 2010). As the amount of carbon dioxide level increases in the atmosphere, heat is trapped inside the atmosphere and causes warming of the earth. Moreover, coal-burning of power plants also increases the carbon level in the atmosphere. Burning coal produces about 9 billion to nnes of carbon dioxide each year which is released to the atmosphere, and about 70% of this is being generated from power plants (World-Nuclear.org, 2011). In addition factories emit more smoke and abusive gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and oxide. These gases do not only increase the temperature of the environment but causes harm to humans and animals.In addition to that, the burning of gasoline from transportation also gos to global warming on a large- scale. Burning of gasoline will increase the amount of carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is a very harmful gas that it can cause death to living organisms on earth. This gas can react with other atoms to be more harmful. For example, it can combine an oxygen atom to produce carbon dioxide. By combining elan vital is needed and heat is produced. Dusts are also accumulated in the atmosphere which can trap the heat. Smog is another form of cloud of carbon which is also related to accumulation of heat in the atmosphere.Besides that, brazil and Indonesia, which contain the worlds two largest surviving regions of rain tone, are being desolate at an alarming rate by logging, elevates, and land-clearing for agriculture and cattle-grazing (NationalGeographic.com, 2011). Human activities of depleting afforest illegally have caused a major modality change to the environment. custody nowadays are narcissistic and do things on their own for selfish benefits. They want to upgrade the economy of the country with the improvement of technology. The usage of land for development of buildings makes them to cut down forests uncontrolled. Besides, illegal deforestation for exporting logs to other countries for business purpose causes global warming. Trees are needed to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment. By deforestation, the land is barren and exposed. Therefore, the earth will eventually get hotter. Excessive cutting of trees in forests for urban use and other purposes like buildings is detri mental to the environmental balance (Manali Oak ,2011). some other point related to this tune is the role of politicians who carry activities for the nations benefits that politicians play a role in global warming too. Even those politicians who are undaunted enough to fight for military action on the issue are not telling us the whole truth (Mark Jeantheau, 2004).The government is not responsible for the occurrence of global warming. They do not take any action towards illegal people who cause global warming and are in general money minded. On their mind they always think of bribery and do not think about the effects of global warming. Public are not aware of this phenomena and take it easy. Government should be cursed for this for not educating the public about the effects of global warming and point out the consequences. So global warming happens due to the irresponsible activities of humans can lead to negative consequences.On the other hand opponent begs more by supportin g that carbon dioxide released are not by human activities but natural phenomenon. Carbon dioxide is a natural source from the environment itself. As a natural phenomenon vent-holees rupture and emit carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide to the environment and causes a lot of negative impacts regarding global warming. Water vapors are also released which is the most hazardous gas to humans and the environment. Our studies show that globally, volcanoes on land and under the sea release a total of about 200 million tonnes of carbonic acid gas annually (hvo.wr.usgs.gov ,2007 ).Besides volcano eruptions, natural burning of forest or called forest excites release carbon dioxide in a drastic level to the environment. Forest fires happen ad libitum due to overheat and not by people. Sometimes forest fires can be spontaneous due to hot and dry weather (Chandramita Bora,2010).Moreover, forest fires happen when the weather is thundering and storming. The lightning carries high voltage curren t. As the current hits the trees a small spark created would light up a interchange and spread the fire to the whole forest. There are no ways for fire fighters or other rescue teams to put out the fire due to high temperatures. The carbon level of the environment increases drastically and causes stupor also. The heat of the earth goes up tremendously. It can increase the level of nursery gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons), and thereby increase pollution and global warming (Chandramita Bora,2010).The opponent says humans are not the only people who emit carbon dioxide by exhaling them but animals do too. It is wrong to say humans are to be blamed alone for global warming. Humans are not responsible for the increase of the concentration of carbon dioxide on global scale. Furthermore, carbon dioxide does not have a long life time. rather of pinning an absolute value on the atmospheric lifetime of CO2, the 2007 report describe s its gradual dissipation over time, saying, About 50% of a CO2 increase will be removed from the atmosphere within 30 years, and a further 30% will be removed within a few centuries due to the plants and others (Mason Inman, 2008).It is only temporary and if it would be blamed that it is going to affect the future generation which is wrong.In addition to that, a meteorological scientist named William Kininmonth (2004) explains that climatic change occurs due to natural phenomenon and not by human activities. The assumption of a climate system forced in general by the radiation effects of greenhouse gases is a limited sight of the complex climate system. (William Kininmonth ,2004). Climate scientists cannot prove that the current warming is not due to natural processes and therefore cannot claim with certainty that the warming is due to human interference.However, the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) disproves global warming by human activities. MWP is a natural phenomenon and the MWP w as a time of warm climate in Europe. So, human activities have nothing to do with the global warming, as evident from the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).The ice age is not due to global warming as mentioned by scientist. There will be a new prediction of ice age where it is a natural phenomenon not caused by humans that contributes global warming.The supporter refutes the opponents argument by giving explanations that very little carbon dioxide is caused by volcanic rupture. There are no proves that volcanoes emit more carbon dioxide and it is a myth. There have been volcanic eruptions so massive that they covered massive areas in lava more than a kilometre thick and appear to have released enough CO2 to warm the planet after the initial temperature reduction caused by the dust ( Catherine Brahic , 2007). Volcanoes emit carbon dioxide naturally as it a natural cycle of the phenomenon. Furthermore, there are not many volcanoes rough the world and it only ruptures after a long period. B esides that, the supporters argue more on the point of forest fires. Forest fires are primarily caused by human activities like clearing and burning for starting plantations to produce cash crops like oil palm , rubber and sugar cane. Throwing of cigarettes by hunters or campers, creating camp fires and picnics causes light ups of fire and would put up fire on the forest. Even though, carbon dioxide has a life-time, it still can contribute heat to the environment for a certain period. Climate changes are due to human activities on a large-scale. Humans burns fossil fuel like coals openly, followed by spraying aerosols which could damage the environment, cement manufacture factories releases smog and artificial harmful gases which changes the climate and causes global warming.As a destruction of this argument about should humans be blamed for global warming, it can be strongly mentioned that humans are to be blamed mostly. born(p) factors do contribute to global warming but it is minimal. In revisal to prevent global warming from occurring, governments should take more drastic measures on this matter and do awareness campaigns among their countries. As a concluding statement for this topic humans are to be blamed for the cause of global warming.(2282 words)