Problems with Solutions for Practice in Factoring – by Rahul Krishna

FACTORING PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS 1. pic pic 2. A smart set is considering engaging a factor, the pursuance information is available i) The current fairish compendium period for the unions debtors is 80 geezerhood and ? % of debtors default. The factor has agreed o constitute money due after 60 years and go forth hire the responsibility of any loss on account of pestiferous debts. ii) The annual charge for the factoring is 2% of turnover standable annu on the wholey in arrears. Administration hail saving is likely to be Rs. 1,00,000 per annum. iii) Annual gross sales, all on accredit, atomic number 18 Rs. ,00,00,000. Variable comprise is 80% of sales price. The troupes follow of borrowing is 15% per annum. submit the year is consisting of 365 days. Should the alliance enter into a factoring agreement? pic 3. MSN Ltd. has integrality sales of Rs. 4. 50 crores and its clean collection period is 120 days. The past experience indicates that bad debt losings ar 2 sh argon on sales. The expenditure incurred by the company in administering its receivable collection efforts are Rs. 6,00,000. A cistron is prepared to spoil the companys receivables by charging 2 percent commission.The factor will pay advance on receivables to the company at an avocation rate of 18 percent per annum after withholding 10 percent as reserve. You are required to calculate effective damage of factoring to the company. pic pic 4. The turnover of PQR Ltd. is Rs. 120 lakhs of which 75 per cent is on credit. The variant court ratio is 80 per cent. The credit terms are 2/10, net 30. On the current level of sales, the bad debts are 1 per cent. The company spends Rs. 1,20,000 per annum on administering its credit sales. The cost includes salaries of staff who handle credit checking, collection etc. These are avoidable be.The past experience indicates that 60 per cent of the customers avail of the hard currency deductive reasoning, the remaining customers pay on an aver age 60 days after the date of sale. The Book debts (receivable) of the company are presently being payd in the ratio of 1 1 by a mix of bank borrowings and owned funds which cost per annum 15 per cent and 14 per cent respectively. A factoring firm has offered to acquire the firms receivables. The main elements of such deal structured by the factor are (i) Factor reserve, 12 per cent (ii) Guaranteed payment, 25 days (iii) Interest charges, 15 per cent, and (iv) Commission 4 per cent of the nourish of receivables.Assume 360 days in a year. What advise would you give to PQR Ltd. whether to continue with the in ho social occasion worry of receivables or accept the factoring firms offer? picpic 5. A firm has a total sales of Rs. 12,00,000 and its average collection period is 90 days. The past experience indicates that bad debt losses are 1. 5% on sales. The expenditure incurred by the firm in administering receivable collection efforts are Rs. 50,000. A factor is prepared to buy th e firms receivables by charging 2% commission. The factor will pay advance on receivables to the firm at an interest rate of 16% p. a. after withholding 10% as reserve. organize effective cost of factoring to the firm. Assume 360 days in a year. picpic 6. The credit sales and receivables of M/s M Ltd. at the end of the year are estimated at Rs. 3,74,00,000 and Rs. 46,00,000 respectively. The average variable overdraft interest rate is 5%. M Ltd. is considering a suggestion for factoring its debts on a non-recourse basis at an annual fee of 3% on credit sales. As a result, M Ltd. will save Rs. 1,00,000 per year in administrative cost and Rs. 3,50,000 as bad debts. The factor will maintain a receivables collection period of 30 days and advance 80% of the face value thereof at an annual interest rate of 7%. esteem the viability of the proposal. Note 365 days are to be taken in a year for the purpose of calculation of receivablespicpic 7. Junio modified is a small manufacturing compan y which is suffering cash lessen problems. The company already utilizes its maximum overdraft facility. Junio particular sells an average of Rs. 4,00,000 of goods per month at invoice value, and customers are allowed 40 days to pay from the date of invoice. Two workable solutions to the companys cash flow problems have been suggested. They are as follows Option 1 Junio contain would factor its trade debts.A factor has been found who would advance Junio Limiteds 75 percent of the value of the invoices immediately on response of the invoices, at an interest rate of 10 percent per annum. The factor would too charge a service fee summationing to 2 percent of the total invoices. As a result of using the factor, Junio Limited would save constitution costs estimated at Rs. 5,000 per month. Option 2 The company could offer a cash discount to customers for prompt payment. It has been suggested that customers could be offered a 2% discount for payments made within ten days of invoici ng.You are required to (a) reason the issues that should be considered by management when a policy for credit admit is formulated. (b) Identify the services that whitethorn be provided by factoring organizations. (c) Calculate the annual net cost (in Rs. ) of the proposed factoring agreement. (d) Compute the annualized cost (in dowery terms) of offering a cash discount to customers. (e) Discuss the merits and demerits of the two proposals. (a) constitution for Credit Control for Junio Limited (a) When a policy is being formulated, management should consider the following issues i) The average period of credit to be given. Whether this should be longer than average to encourage sales or less than average, to press forward up sales. (ii) Policy for making decisions on granting credit to individual customers How customers are to be investigated for creditworthiness? (e. g. by direct assessment by the company, or substantiative assessment using credit references from banks, or other(a) assessment agencies) How the amount and timing of credit is to be decided? (e. g. whether credit is to be increase progressively). (iii) Debt collection policies Whether to employ specific people for this work.Issue of debtors statements, reminder letters, whether and when to train use of professional debt collectors and when to consider legal action. (iv) Accounting reports required elderly debtors lists etc. (v) Polices on persuading debtors to pay promptly Discount schemes. (vi) Whether to make use of factoring services. For all the to a higher place, it will be necessary to consider the costs and benefits of the alternative course of action. This will include considerations on how credit is to be financed. (b) A factor normally manages the debts owed to a guest on the nodes behalf. Services Provided by Factoring Organisations i) Administration of the customers invoicing, sales accounting and debt collection service. (ii) Credit protection for the clients debts, wh ereby the factor takes over the risk of loss from bad debts and so insures the client against such losses. The factor may purchase these debts without recourse to the client, which means that if the clients debtors do non pay what they owe, the factor will not ask for the money back from the client. (iii) Factor finance may be provided, the factor advancing cash to the client against outstanding debts. The factor may advance up to 85 percent of approved debts from the date of invoice. iv) A confidentiality agreement may be offered to conceal the existence of the arrangement from customers. (c) advisement of Annual Cost of Factoring It is assumed that the factor finance will not replace any existing credit lines, and therefore, the full interest cost of the agreement will be relevant when determining the cost of factoring. Annual Sales = Rs. 4,00,000 ? 12 = Rs. 48,00,000 Daily Sales = Rs. 48,00,000/365 = Rs. 13,151 The annual cost of factoring can now be found pic pic (e) Key Issue s in the Discounting Option (i) The proposal is expensive.The company should be able to get cheaper overdraft finance than this, and longer-term debt should cost even less. (ii) The company may need to offer a discount in order to make its terms competitive with other firms in the industry. (i) The level of take-up among customers is uncertain, and will affect the cash flow position. (ii) Problems may arise when customers take both the discount and the full twoscore day credit period. This will increase administrative costs in seeking repayment. Key Issues in the Factoring Option (i) The factor may be able to exercise better credit control than is possible in a small company. ii) The amount of finance that will be received is much more certain than for the discounting option as 75 percent of the value of the invoices will be provided immediately. (iii) The relationship with the customers may dismiss partially due to the reduction in the level of contract with the company, and part ly due to the historical view of the factor as the lender of snuff it resort. Thus, the final decision must take into consideration all the above issues. However, the most important points to consider are the ability of each proposal to meet the financing requirements, and the relative costs of the different sources of finance.