Bring Safe Drinking Water to the World Essay

Lack of clean body of body of body of weewee for inebriation affect some community in every continent. Around one-fifth of the quite a little in the instauration stays in beas of physical scarcity while five hundred million people be say to be approaching this situation. This problem is much serious in Africa than in all other continent.Lack of safe urine for alcoholism is explored in the accompanying paper. In this paper, results of miss of clean tipsiness irrigate in Africa is assessed more so in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper in any case explores the re tardily of weewee scarcity on stability of Africa and the earth. It further evaluates how coupled Nations arrest cooperateed solve the problem and ways in which developing countries locoweed visit they have adequate clean urine.Lack of safe pissing for deglutition is a one of the booster cable problem in the globe. It has an impact on over 1.1 billion people all over the world. Safe drink pissin g is defined by World health Organization, United Nations Childrens Fund and Joint Monitoring Program for peeing Supply and sanitisation as piss that has microbial, physical and chemical characteristics that meet the guidelines of National trite on quality of drinking water (Campbell, Cald tumesce, Hopkins, Heaney, Wing, Wilson, et al. 2013).Lack of safe drinking water is verbal expressioned through a population to water equation hard-boiled by hydrologists as 7,700 cubic meters per person. This is the threshold for meeting water requirement for every industrial, agricultural production and the environment. It is said that a threshold of slight than 1,000 cubic meters of water represent water scarcity and below d cubic meters of water represent a state of absolute scarcity. piteous safe drinking water is a major challenge to many countries. It is a major problem for developing countries that ar racing send on towards physical limits of expansion of fresh water, expanding urban settlement, commercializedization of agribusiness and industrial sectors. Fresh water is a crucial re ascendent in study of Africa. It is said that Africa continent has a population of 800 million people. 405 of the enumerate population in Africa lack approach path to safe drinking water. It is pressd that half of people living in rural beas of safe drinking water. It is storyed that sub-Saharan Africa has more water stress than other parts of the world.sub-Saharan Africa has a population of over 320 million people have no access code to quality water. It is said to be the only region in the world that result non be able to meet the 2015 millennium instruction goal. In 2012, a Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa issues and Challenges was presented with information that by 2030, 255 million to 760 millions in Africa will be staying in areas with high water stress (Barone, 2008).Scarcity of safe drinking water has lead to poor heal in Sub-Saharan Africa. People in water deprived areas expenditure unsafe water that ca habits spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, typhoid fever, malaria, trachoma, typhus and plague. Scarcity of safe water forces people to respond by storing water in their households. This further increases chances of water contamination and spread of malaria due to mosquitoes.Infected people with waterborne diseases slim down chances of community breeding and productivity due to lack of strength. Government resources are used to buy medicine for these people. This takes away gold meant for forage egress, check fees and other development endures. It is estimated by Water Supply and Sanitation collaborative Council that treatment of diarrhea caused by water contamination in Sub-Saharan Africa takes away 12% of countries health budget. Government in the areas channels their muscularity and part of fund allocated for other expenditures to helping people affected by lack of water at the expense of other e ssential operate like maintaining peace and security in the region.Human Development report suggests that use of water by human is mainly on agriculture and irrigation. In Sub-Saharan Africa, agricultural activities account from over 80% of the total water consumption. Majority of people in this region depend on agriculture. In rural areas, 90% of families rely on producing their own food hence water scarcity leads to loss of food security.Conflict arises in this region due to political interferences in irrigated get to due to land tenure and ownership problems. Governments in this part of the world lack funds and skilled human resources that can support engine room and infrastructure call for for trusty water concern and crop irrigation. Scarcity of safe water makes people use waste water for irrigation. This makes a lot of people to eat food with disease causing organisms.Women in this part of the world are core grouped by lack of clean water for drinking. They are the coll ectors, managers as well as guardian of water in internal spheres which include household chores such as washing, child rearing and cooking. They dangle a considerable amount of time fetching water (Dreibelbis, Winch, Leontsini, Hulland, Ram, Unicomb, et al., 2013). This causes a decrease in the time available for education. Their health is also at risk of skeletal damage caused by carrying heavy loads of water every day over long distances. Loss of potential work days and education prevents the next extension of women from holding professional employments. nark to safe water for drinking will make women in Sub-Saharan Africa increase time allocated to education which will make them take lead positions. Scarcity of water makes many children in this region drop pop out of school to help in household chores which are made more intense by lack of water. Increase in population in Africa and lack of safe water for drinking has caused a lot of tenor and interlocking on relations betwixt communities and between countries.It has been argued that Nile River is a source of counterpoint in nine countries. Water fro Nile River is the only source of sustaining breeding in twain Sudan and Egypt. Egyptians use military force to make genuine they retain control over Nile River because she has no other source of water. This interlocking runs from the compound era when England textile factories depended on Sudan and Egypt agricultural activities. subsequently the colonial era, Egypt continued to create political instability in Ethiopia. It blocked foreignistic financing agencies from giving loans to Ethiopia in order to finance projects on the river. The conflict is now real because Ethiopia has now managed to carry out water projects on her own like building hydro-power dams and irrigation courses. Egypt has been inform to issue threats of war to Tanzania and Ethiopia. In 1970s, Egypt armed Somalia separatist rebels in Ethiopia in the Somali invasion. The ni ne pertain states have had agreements and treaties in a bid to control conflict.However, treaties and agreements have resulted to inequitable rights of using water from Nile River between countries. An example is a treaty between Great Britain and Ethiopia, Emperor Menelik II, king of kings of Ethiopia. He agreed with the government of His Britannic Majesty not to construct or permit construction projects crosswise Blue Nile, the Sobat and Lake Tana in 1902. In 1906, an agreement between Britain and Government of item-by-item state of Congo would not construct or permit any construction of projects over or near Semliki or Isango rivet that would bring low the amount of water entering Lake Albert. In 1925, conflict between Egypt and Ethiopia escalated because Ethiopia argue earlier agreements (Dreibelbis et al., 2013).The League of Nations demanded Italy and British government give an explanation on sovereignty of Ethiopia on Lake Tana. The League of Nations did not help resolve the conflict because there was no self enforcing and reliable mechanism to protect the spot rights of stakeholders which is necessary for international water development to be employ. Due to hardship of United Nations to help solve the Nile lavabo conflict, nine riparian states organize a coadjutorship called Nile Basin Initiative. Its mandate is to develop Nile River in a cooperative way, sharing social-economic benefits that promote regional security and peace. World bank building agreed to support the work of Nile Basin Initiative as a development partner as well as an administrator of multi giver Nile Basin Trust Fund.Disputes have also erupted in Niger River Basin. Disagreements and disputes in this wash-hand stand are caused by limited access to safe drinking water. The disputes are between communities in Mali, Nigeria, and Niger. River flows and come down have reduced from 1970s leading to tension between 2 communities that live in the washbowl. The two communiti es are pastoralists and farmers. Pastoralists are forced by lack of water to travel further with their herds. On the other hand, farmers expand their cropland to take care of increasing population. This reduces pathways that are available to herder and their livestock. Tension increase due to poor insurance policy decisions. In Lokoga in Nigeria, government started dredging Niger River in early 2009 to increase commercial shipping (Huang, Jacangelo & Schwab, 2011).The government of Nigeria argued that dredging would help reduce flooding but late farmer suffered from floods in 2010. Farmers resulted to building homes and cultivating land away from the river leading to decline in land available for grazing. This has facilitated conflict between the two communities greatly. natural dams rose built by the government of Nigeria raised ecological issues that raise hard negotiations over sharing of resources equitably in Niger Basin (Loftus, 2009). It was reported that Mali and Niger d id not support construction of dams across the river. Navigation of the river was also confine by the availability of large boats when water is deep enough. Climate variety in Niger Basin has caused a high degree of variability in river flows, rainfall and temperature. The international community is doing little in helping the in enamour countries in the Niger Basin resolve the conflict.Scarcity of safe drinking water has also led to a lot of competition in Volta River washstand. Volter River basin is said to be one of the poorest part in Africa continent and is dual-lane by six West African states. People in the basin depend on agriculture as their means of livelihood. The population in West Africa is growing at the rate of 3% thus position pressure on water resources and land. Burkina Faso is increasing agricultural development upriver using surface resources such as water (Okun, 1991). Water development in Burkina Faso has had a negative impact on Akosombo Dam which gold co ast depends on for its heftiness supply. In 1998, low water level caused energy crisis in Ghana which ended up blaming Burkina Faso water project. Low water levels could have been caused by other factors such as unreliable rainfall variability. Peaceful conflict resolutions could be hindered in the future by light communication between Ghana and Burkina Faso (Ram, Kelsey, Miarintsoa, Rakotomalala, Dunston, & Quick, 2007).Ghana wants to create dams for power generation while Burkina Faso plans to use water for irrigation hence causing conflicts of interest. This conflict current international community recognition which formed a major inter-governmental program to enhance regional cooperation. Green cross water for peace project was put in show up to ensure full and also officious involvement of representatives of civil societies across the region in generation of basins agreement, management policies and principles.Developing countries can learn form create countries on how to have adequate water supply and sanitation facilities, management of floods, pollution, management of rivers and large dams. Ram et al. (2007) argues that good governance can help address the lack of safe drinking water. He further argues that good governance is essential in procuring loans and aid for water projects form international organizations like world bank, International Monetary Fund, Africa Development bank and from certain countries like Britain, Germany, china, France, united Sates of America and Russia (Rosenberg, 2010).An example of a country that applied good governance to address water problem is South Africa. After Apartheid, the government of South Africa inherited huge problems of access to safe drinking water. It had a population of over 15 million people lacked access to clean water. The government managed to commit itself to high standards and initiatement subsidies to achieve its goal. From that time South Africa has made good progress to a point where it r eached the domain access to improved water source in its urban centers. Similarly, the parting of people in rural areas with access to clean water increased from sixty six percent to seventy nine percent from 1991 to 2010 (Loftus, 2009). practised governance will help government in developing countries partner with institutions that will help turn all underperforming utilities into good service providers. They would also benefit from the expertise in local, national and international sectors. Research has shown that it is serious to tack processes in water sectors. There has been friction between stakeholder and partners in determining priorities. This led to ambiguities in the role and responsibilities allocation resulting to the high speak to of transaction. Just like in developed countries, good governance in developing countries will enable providers and policymakers are accountable to water users. This assists in improving services and enhancing consumer understanding the need for changes and the doable contribution of public private partnership (Ram et al., 2007).Great relationship with international financial institutions will enable developed countries have an adequate supply of safe water. World Bank is known to finance building of infrastructure such as funds to dig boreholes. It usually subsidizes the cost of infrastructure through inter-governmental transfers, sponsor projects and social development funds (Okun, 1991).Developing countries should consider the use of use decentralized Mebran Filtration system. This technology provides safe drinking water that is clean. This system employs effective ways of removing surrogate bacteria and parasites from drinking water hat is amenable for contamination of water. This mode is affordable to low income countries. Decentralized Mebran Filtration system is appropriate where central municipal water treatment is not possible. It aims to apply unified bench scale and field scale approach in evalua ting sustainability of Decentralized Mebran Filtration system in providing safe drinking water (Huang et al., 2011).Another possible solution is applying desalinization technology. This technology is said to filter salty water through membranes and removing salt through a process of electro dialysis and the reverse osmosis. The technology has worked in over one hundred and thirty countries in ticker East and in North Africa. With this technology, countries that are currently using it nominate over six billion gallons of safe drinking water a day. Recycling and filtration should also be encouraged because the two methods are loose and cheap. Conserving water can also be achieved on a smaller scale beginning with improvement in homes (EMD, 2009).Developed countries should explore and tapdance underground water. A country like Kenya and Namibia has discovered a 10,000 stratum old supply of water in underground aquifers. This underground water can satisfy the needs of Namibia for over four hundred years. Researchers argue that throughout Africa, there is twenty times more underground water than volume of surface water. The population of Africa is expected to increase to over two billion in 2050. This implies that countries need to explore other sources of water since traditionalistic sources of fresh water are affected by changes in climate, lack of rainfall and rises in temperature that evaporate lakes and rivers.Other methods that developing countries should encourage their citizens to use include boiling water. It is an efficient method of water sterilization though boiling is costly in terms of fuel use. Another method is solar disinfection by use of ultraviolet radiation. This method is cheap and less(prenominal) damaging. It involves putting water in transparent plastic bottles and exposing it to sunlight for well-nigh forty eight hours. This technology cost people nothing by only plastic bottles full of water on corrugated admixture roof.Low incom e countries should also start water projects like water dams and rain catchment systems. These methods are simple and inexpensive. A well close to a liquidation or in a village ensures people do not walk long distances in search of water. It saves time hence reservation sure there is enough time allocated for other things like learning (Barone, 2008).Campbell et al. (2013) argues that integrated research can help countries achieve adequate supply of safe water for drinking. He attributes the lack of water to fear and short-handed reorganization by communities. He points out that global research can help solve the problem of water scarcity and proper sanitation. This implies that United Nations should put more effort in bringing solutions to water problems. African countries can achieve adequate supply of clean water if they invest in integrated research and funding. They should also put in place policies and infrastructures that attract foreign investments from developed countri es such as United States of America, France, china and Russia.Lack of safe water for drinking is a global problem. It affects both developed countries as well as developing countries. United Nations should look for ways to deal with water scarcity and amicable ways of resolution political instabilities resulting from water stress. Developing countries should learn from developed countries on the most appropriate ways of providing clean water. They should maintain good governance and a good environment that can attract foreign investors as well as donors. Through collective effort from all stakeholders, the problem of water can be solved.ReferencesBarone, J. (2008). Better Water. Discovery, 29(5), 31-32.Campbell, R. L., Caldwell, D., Hopkins, B., Heaney, C. D., Wing, S., Wilson, S. M., et al. (2013). Integrating Research and Community Organizing to care Water and Sanitation Concerns in a Community Bordering a Landfill. ledger of Environmental Health, 75(10), 48-50.Dreibelbis, R., Winch, P. J., Leontsini, E., Hulland, K. R., Ram, P. K., Unicomb, L., et al. (2013). The Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene a authoritative review of behavioural models and a framework for designing and evaluating behaviour change interventions in infrastructure-restricted settings. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1015.EMD Millipore (2013, September 23). EMD Millipore Donates $30,000 to Charity Water in identification of World Water Week. Pharma Business Week, p. 22.Huang, H., Jacangelo, J. G., & Schwab, K. J. (2011). Decentralized Membrane Filtration dodge for sustainable and Safe Drinking Water Supply in Low-Income Countries service line Study. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 137(11), 981-989.Loftus, A. (2009). Rethinking Political Ecologies of Water. Third World Quarterly, 30(5), 953-968.Okun, D. A. (1991). A Water and Sanitation Strategy for the Developing World. Environment Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 33(8), 16-43.Ram, P. K., Kelsey, E., Miarintsoa, R. R., Rakotomalala, O., Dunston, C., & Quick, R. E. (2007). Bringing Safe Water to Remote Populations An Evaluation of a man-portable Point-of-Use Intervention in Rural Madagascar. American Journal of Public Health, 97(3), 398-400.Rosenberg, T. (2010). The burden of thirst. Washington, D.C. National Geographic Magazine.Source document